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Resumen El desarrollo científico, tecnológico y económico del cannabis medicinal requiere la evolución de las normas y políticas públicas que abordan el fenómeno del redescubrimiento de la potencia científica y terapéutica del cannabis medicinal de calidad farmacéutica. Para encarar la problemática de la inexistencia de productos derivados de cannabis de industria nacional con aprobación sanitaria, el Gobierno de Jujuy decidió implementar un abordaje estatal integral de salud pública. En este artículo desarrollamos los ejes centrales de un modelo de gestión que comprende la creación de un marco legal e institucional, la implementación de un programa sanitario que incluye la capacitación profesional, la investigación y la elaboración de evidencia cientí fica de alta calidad, en el marco de un programa de producción pública de cannabis de grado farmacéutico que abarca toda la cadena productiva, desde el cultivo hasta la elaboración farmacéutica y la posterior distribución en farmacias bajo normas internacionales de buenas prácticas. El programa se encuentra en vigencia desde 2017, dentro de un panorama regulatorio nacional en desarrollo que convive con la estigmatización de la planta de cannabis en el marco social y médico, las dificultades de financiación y la escasa evidencia mundial en planes sanitarios efectivos de cannabis medicinal. Nuestra experiencia puede colaborar con otros administradores de salud, con semejante o diferente socio-demografía y entorno regulatorio, para resolver las barreras de acceso al cannabis medicinal y mejorar las condiciones de los pacientes que lo requieran.
Abstract The scientific, technological, and economic development of medicinal cannabis requires the evolution of public regulations and policies that address the phenomenon of the rediscovery of the scientific and therapeutic power of medicinal cannabis of pharmaceutical quality. To address the problem of the non-existence of cannabis-derived products from the national industry with health approval, the Government of Jujuy decided to implement a comprehensive state approach to public health. In this article we develop the central axes of a management model, which includes the creation of a legal and institutional framework, the implementation of a health program that includes professional training, research and the preparation of scientific evidence of high quality, within the framework of a program for the public production of pharmaceutical-grade cannabis that covers the entire pro duction chain, from cultivation to pharmaceutical preparation and subsequent distribution in pharmacies under international standards of good practice. The program has been in force since 2017, focusing on the challenges of a developing national regulatory landscape that coexists with the stigmatization of the cannabis plant in the social and medical framework, the difficulties of financing and the scarce world evidence in effective health plans of medical cannabis. Our experience can collaborate with other health administrators, with similar or different socio-demographics and regulatory environment, to resolve barriers to access to medical cannabis and improve the conditions of patients who require it.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasingly widespread use of cannabinoids in the management of acute and chronic pain generates an urgent need to study how cannabinoids act on CB1 and CB2 receptors and what their effects are on the organism. It is important to understand the difference in action between natural cannabinoids (cannabidiol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinoil, terpenes) and synthetic ones, so that the appropriate choice is made in each case, and depending on the pathophysiology of pain, one or the other active is more indicated. CONTENTS: Studies collected in the Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases were analyzed. These studies focus were on natural cannabinoids (cannabidiol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinoil, terpenes) and synthetic cannabinoids in the use for the treatment of chronic pain, their action on the endocannabinoid system through the activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptor and their effect after activating this receptor, aiming to compile which cannabinoid is more indicated in the treatment of pain pathology. CONCLUSION: The subject still requires much study and new articles are being published daily. The analysis of the studies must be carried out with criteria to evaluate their seriousness. The endocannabinoid system is closely linked to the treatment of chronic pain and some cannabinoids such as: cannabidiol, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabigerol, cannabinoil, as well as some terpenes are already considered important in the treatment of chronic pain inferring sparing effect of opioids, anticonvulsants, antidepressants among others.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso cada vez mais disseminado dos canabinoides no controle da dor aguda e crônica gera uma necessidade urgente do estudo de como os canabinoides agem nos receptores CB1 e CB2 e quais seus efeitos no organismo. É importante entender a diferença de ação entre os canabinoides naturais (canabidiol, delta 9-tetrahidrocanabinol, canabigerol, canabinol, terpenos) e os sintéticos, para que a escolha adequada seja realizada em cada caso, sendo que dependendo da fisiopatologia da dor é mais indicado um ou outro ativo. CONTEÚDO: Foram analisados estudos coletados na Pubmed, Cochrane Library e Web of Science. Os estudos se concentram em canabinoides naturais (canabidiol, delta 9-tetrahidrocanabinol, canabigerol, canabinoil, terpenos) e canabinoides sintéticos no uso para o tratamento da dor crônica, sua ação no sistema endocanabinoide através da ativação do receptor CB1 e CB2 e seu efeito após ativar esse receptor, visando compilar qual canabinoide é mais indicado no tratamento da patologia álgica. CONCLUSÃO: O assunto ainda requer muito estudo e diariamente novos artigos vem sendo publicados. A análise dos estudos deve ser realizada com critério para avaliar sua seriedade. O sistema endocanabinoide está intimamente ligado ao tratamento da dor crônica e alguns canabinoides como: canabidiol, delta 9-tetrahidrocanabinol, canabigerol, canabinoil, assim como alguns terpenos já são considerados importantes no tratamento da dor crônica inferindo efeito poupador de opioides, anticonvulsivantes, antidepressivos entre outros.
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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Despite the ancestral use of cannabinoids in adults, safety and efficacy in children is unclear. The impact of cannabis on the developing brain is unknown1 While studies conducted in adults can provide insight into the efficacy/toxicity profile of cannabis, there is a need for specific studies in children and adolescents to understand the impact of cannabis on the developing brain, as well as the potential long-term effects of cannabis use. The objective of this study was to bring a comprehensive view and critical discussion on the subject. CONTENTS: A narrative review based on research in the Pubmed, Medline and Scielo databases was prepared, with an open theme and a selective literature review in the context of the pediatric population. CONCLUSION: Current research on the impact of medical cannabis use in children and adolescents remains limited4, which reinforces the need for robust studies in this population.
RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Apesar do uso ancestral de canabinoides em adultos, a segurança e eficácia na população infantil não é clara. O impacto da cannabis no cérebro em desenvolvimento é desconhecido1. Embora estudos realizados em adultos possam oferecer informações sobre o perfil de eficácia/toxicidade da cannabis, há necessidade de estudos específicos em crianças e adolescentes para compreender o impacto da cannabis no cérebro em desenvolvimento, bem como os potenciais efeitos a longo prazo do uso de cannabis. O objetivo deste estudo foi trazer uma visão abrangente e discussão crítica sobre o tema. CONTEÚDO: Foi elaborada uma revisão narrativa baseada em pesquisas nas bases de dados Pubmed, Medline e Scielo, com temática aberta e revisão de literatura seletiva no contexto da população pediátrica. CONCLUSÃO: A pesquisa atual sobre o impacto do uso da cannabis medicinal em crianças e adolescentes permanece limitada4, o que reforça a necessidade de estudos robustos sobre essa população.
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Abstract Introduction Cannabis is probably the most commonly used illicit drug. It is often regarded as a relatively nonharmful experience, even though evidence indicates otherwise. Legalization of non-medical cannabis, which has already taken place in several countries, is currently a controversial issue. Objective To provide an up-to-date overview of current models and policies and their outcomes that can inform future political decisions regarding non-medical cannabis use. Methods PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar scientific databases were searched for articles written in English, Spanish, and Portuguese published between 1990 and December 2020. The reference lists of these articles were similarly used as bibliography sources. Gray literature was also included. Results While non-medical cannabis has been decriminalized in many countries, it has only been legalized in Uruguay, Canada, and some U.S. states. Several benefits of legalization were identified: decreases in cannabis-related crimes, law-enforcement and judicial costs; reduction in synthetic cannabis supply; decline in black economies and possible diminution of other illegal drug buying; and tax revenue increases. Reported legalization problems included: increases in cannabis use; cannabis-related disorders; and cannabis-related accidents and hospitalizations. Harm-reduction strategies are available in the scientific literature. Conclusion Growing, although incomplete, evidence exists to guide policy makers, minimize cannabis-related harm, and positively contribute to public health, if the legalization path is to be followed. Dialogue between legislators and science should be encouraged. There are more than a few legalization pathways, with diverse economic, social and health wellbeing effects. Public health-driven, instead of profit-driven models, seem to offer the most benefits regarding non-medical cannabis legalization. Most of the true public health effects of cannabis legalization are still unknown, for we are still in the early stages of these policies and their implications. Future studies should address the medium-to-long-term social, economic, and health consequences of legalization policies.
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In February 2020 parliament passed the Cannabis Regulation Bill (2020) which regulates the cultivation and production of industrial hemp and medical cannabis. The country will only fully benefit from this development if the medical and scientific community can take the lead in enabling the country to exploit the plant's potential to help address some of our economic and public health challenges. This special communication provides some basic information on cannabis and discusses its history and medical uses. Cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as one of the most important cannabis-derived phytochemicals and has formed the basis for the growth of the medical cannabis industry. The scientific data on the mechanisms of the effects of CBD on the human neuroendocrine-immune network is reviewed and the first effective cannabis-based FDA-approved treatment for epilepsy discussed. Some clinical research that is being done on the antipsychotic and neuroprotective properties of CBD is also reviewed. A case is made for the potential of CBD as a neuroprotective adjunctive therapy for the prevention of neuropsychological sequelae associated with complicated malaria. The safety profile of CBD is reviewed and finally, the potential importance of the re-medicalization of cannabis-based therapies for the broader field of phytomedicine is pointed out
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Cannabis , Asclepias incarnata , Marijuana Abuse , Endocannabinoids , Medical Marijuana , CannabidiolABSTRACT
Abstract The Colombian government, through Law 1787 of 2016, has created a regulatory framework that allows its citizens to have a safe and informed access to cannabis and its derivatives for medical and scientific purposes. Our country joins others in their efforts to legalize cannabis-derived substances for therapeutic purposes, as many jurisdictions have recognized the potential these products have in the treatment of certain medical conditions. This paper describes the current medical cannabis outlook in Colombia, compares the different medical cannabis supply systems in other parts of the world, summarizes the evidence related to the potential therapeutic benefits and potential risks of using cannabis for medical purposes.
Resumen Mediante la Ley 1787 de 2016, el Gobierno colombiano creó el marco regulatorio que permite el acceso seguro e informado al uso médico y científico del cannabis y sus derivados en nuestro territorio. Este movimiento hacia la legalización de sustancias derivadas de cannabis con fines terapéuticos se suma a otros instaurados en otros países que han reconocido el posible potencial que tienen estos productos en el tratamiento de ciertas condiciones clínicas. Este artículo describe la situación actual del cannabis medicinal en Colombia, compara los diferentes sistemas de provisión de cannabis con fines médicos en otras jurisdicciones, resume la evidencia alrededor de su utilización con fines médicos que justifica la legalización, y los potenciales riesgos que existen con el uso del cannabis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Therapeutics , Cannabis , Medical Marijuana , Risk , Colombia , Government , JurisprudenceABSTRACT
En los últimos años, se ha observado un incremento significativo en el interés por la prescripción del cannabis medicinal. En el siguiente artículo, se informa acerca de la escasa base científica que avala la prescripción de estos compuestos en un listado amplio y diverso de patologías médicas. Se considera fundamental que cualquier sustancia que vaya a ser utilizada en humanos siga un protocolo de aprobación estricto y científico, que pueda desligarse de modas o de resultados individuales. Es necesario que, antes de la prescripción de una droga en personas, deba tenerse un panorama claro de cuáles son los usos del compuesto en cuestión, pero, sobre todo, de su seguridad, que es prácticamente desconocida en el cannabis medicinal.
In recent years, the interest in medical cannabis prescription has increased significantly. This article provides information about the little scientific basis supporting the prescription of these products for a wide and diverse range of medical conditions. It is critical for any substance to be used in human beings to follow a strict scientific approval protocol, detached from any trend or individual outcome. Before prescribing any drug to human beings, it is necessary to have a clear picture of its uses, especially its safety, which is practically unknown in the case of medical cannabis.
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Humans , Cannabidiol/adverse effects , Cannabidiol/therapeutic use , Medical Marijuana/adverse effects , Medical Marijuana/therapeutic use , Safety , Dronabinol/therapeutic use , Cannabidiol/pharmacology , Compassionate Use Trials , Legislation, DrugABSTRACT
En los últimos años se ha generado en la sociedad una gran expectativa sobre la posible utilidad terapéutica de compuestos derivados de la planta de cannabis. Es muy bien sabido que están siendo utilizados en el tratamiento de diversas afecciones, ya sea por prescripción médica o por autoadministración. En un extremo de las opiniones están quienes consideran que es una droga dañina y peligrosa, mientras otros mantienen que es la panacea. No obstante, el simple hecho de que exista un sistema endocannabinoide en el cerebro obliga a estudiarlo en todas sus dimensiones y derivaciones. Se espera que, en el marco de la nueva ley, se puedan dilucidar las controversias y los vacíos del conocimiento. Las posiciones prohibicionistas no deberían ser una categoría de análisis. Independientemente de los efectos terapéuticos demostrados o por demostrar, ya se están vislumbrando severas restricciones al uso de compuestos cannabinoides, similares a las que aún hoy existen para acceder a los opioides (fármacos de utilidad definitivamente comprobada pero sobre los cuales persiste un enorme tabú). En esta revisión, se expone la primera ley sobre el uso medicinal del cannabis promulgada en Argentina. Se señalan los hitos de la historia sobre la marihuana en el país, indisolublemente relacionados con los argumentos prohibicionistas y los de flexibilización en el mundo. Se analiza la evidencia sobre su utilidad terapéutica y el estado actual del uso del aceite de cannabis en nuestro país.
In the last few years, great expectations have risen in the society concerning the eventual therapeutic usefulness of compounds derived from the cannabis plant. It is well known that these compounds are being used in treating certain health conditions, either through medical prescription or self-administration. Extreme opinions range from believing that it is a harmful and dangerous drug to sustaining that it is a panacea. However, the sheer existence of an endocannabinoid system in the brain compels us to study its dimensions and derivations thoroughly. It is expected that controversies and knowledge gaps will be clarified within the framework of this new law. Prohibitionism should not be a category of analysis. Regardless of the therapeutic effects of cannabinoid compounds, demonstrated or to be demonstrated, there are already severe restrictions on their use, which mirror the still existing restrictions to the use of opioids (drugs of definite utility but on which a huge taboo persists). This review presents the first Argentine law on the medical use of cannabis. Milestones in the history of marijuana at the national level are pointed out, which are inextricably linked to world trends either in favor or against prohibition. The current status of the use of cannabis oil in the country and evidences for its therapeutic value are also analyzed. Evidences on its therapeutic value are also analyzed as well as the current status of the use of cannabis oil in our country.